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Derksen, G.C.H. (author), Holthoon, F.L. (author), Willemen, H.M. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author), Franssen, M.C.R. (author), van Beek, T.A. (author)Madder, used as a red dye, contains anthraquinones, and some of these can react with DNA possibly causing mutagenic effects. This is especially true for 1,3-dihydroxyanthraquinones with a hydroxymethyl (e.g., lucidin 6, ibericin 10) or methyl group (e.g., rubiadin 9) at C-2. In this research, a new process was developed through which the...article 2021
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Agamennone, V. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author), Rijkers, G. (author), Kort, R. (author)BACKGROUND Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a side-effect frequently associated with the use of broad spectrum antibiotics. Although a number of clinical studies show that co-administration of specific probiotics reduces the risk for AAD, there is still unclarity among healthcare professionals on the recommendation of probiotic products....article 2019
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Agamennone, V. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author), Rijkers, G. (author), Kort, R. (author)Background Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a side-effect frequently associated with the use of broad spectrum antibiotics. Although a number of clinical studies show that co-administration of specific probiotics reduces the risk for AAD, there is still unclarity among healthcare professionals on the recommendation of probiotic products....article 2018
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Hiemstra, P.S. (author), Grootaers, G.G. (author), van der Does, A.M. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author), Kooter, I.M. (author)The epithelium that covers the conducting airways and alveoli is a primary target for inhaled toxic substances, and therefore a focus in inhalation toxicology. The increasing concern about the use of animal models has stimulated the development of in vitro cell culture models for analysis of the biological effects of inhaled toxicants. However,...article 2018
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Vaessen, S.F.C. (author), van Lipzig, M.M.H. (author), Pieters, R.H.H. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author), Wortelboer, H.M. (author), van de Steeg, E. (author)Intestinal transporter proteins and metabolizing enzymes play a crucial role in the oral absorption of a wide variety of drugs. The aim of the current study was to characterize better available intestinal in vitro models by comparing expression levels of these proteins and enzymes between porcine intestine, human intestine, and Caco-2 cells. We...article 2017
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- Krul, C.A.M. (author) report 2017
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- Fentener van Vlissingen, M. (author), Grootaers, G. (author), Groothuis, G. (author), van Hilten, J.A. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author), van Veen, E.B. (author), van de Waart, B. (author) other 2017
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Woutersen, R.A. (author), Soffers, A.E.M.F. (author), Kroese, E.D. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author), van der Laan, J.W. (author), van Benthem, J. (author), Luijten, M. (author)Sub-chronic toxicity studies of 163 non-genotoxic chemicals were evaluated in order to predict the tumour outcome of 24-month rat carcinogenicity studies obtained from the EFSA and ToxRef databases. Hundred eleven of the 148 chemicals that did not induce putative preneoplastic lesions in the sub-chronic study also did not induce tumours in the...article 2016
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van der Laan, J.W. (author), Buitenhuis, W.H.W. (author), Wagenaar, L. (author), Soffers, A.E.M.F. (author), van Someren, E.P. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author), Woutersen, R.A. (author)In an exercise designed to reduce animal use, we analyzed the results of rat subchronic toxicity studies from 289 pharmaceutical compounds with the aim to predict the tumor outcome of carcinogenicity studies in this species. The results were obtained from the assessment reports available at the Medicines Evaluation Board of the Netherlands for...article 2016
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- Krul, C.A.M. (author) report 2016
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Teunis, M.A.T. (author), Spiekstra, S.W. (author), Smits, M. (author), Adriaens, E. (author), Eltze, T. (author), Galbiati, V. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author), Landsiedel, R. (author), Pieters, R. (author), Reinders, J. (author), Roggen, E. (author), Corsini, E. (author), Gibbs, S. (author)This study describes the international ring trial of the epidermal-equivalent (EE) sensitizer potency assay. This assay does not distinguish a sensitizer from a non-sensitizer, but may classify known skin sensitizers according to their potency. It assesses the chemical concentration resulting in 50% cytotoxicity (EE-EC50) or the 2-fold increase...article 2014
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Ashton, R. (author), de Wever, B. (author), Fuchs, H.W. (author), Gaca, M. (author), Hill, E. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author), Poth, A. (author), Roggen, E.L. (author)Despite changing attitudes towards animal testing and current legislation to protect experimental animals, the rate of animal experiments seems to have changed little in recent years. On May 15–16, 2013, the In Vitro Testing Industrial Platform (IVTIP) held an open meeting to discuss the state of the art in alternative methods, how companies...article 2014
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Schiffelers, M.J.W.A. (author), Blaauboer, B.J. (author), Bakker, W.E. (author), Beken, S. (author), Hendriksen, C.F.M. (author), Koeter, H. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author)Pharmaceuticals and chemicals are subjected to regulatory safety testing accounting for approximately 25% of laboratory animal use in Europe. This testing meets various objections and has led to the development of a range of 3R models to Replace, Reduce or Refine the animal models. However, these models must overcome many barriers before being...article 2014
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Westerhout, J. (author), van de Steeg, E. (author), Grossouw, D. (author), Zeijdner, E.E. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author), Verwei, M. (author), Wortelboer, H.M. (author)A reliable prediction of the oral bioavailability in humans is crucial and of high interest for pharmaceutical and food industry. The predictive value of currently used in silico methods, in vitro cell lines, ex vivo intestinal tissue and/or in vivo animal studies for human intestinal absorption, however, is often insufficient, especially when...article 2014
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Vaessen, S.F. (author), Bruysters, M.W. (author), Vandebriel, R.J. (author), Verkoeijen, S. (author), Bos, R. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author), Akkermans, A.M. (author)Pertussis vaccines are routinely administered to infants to protect them from whooping cough. Still, an adequate safety test for pertussis toxin (PT), one of the main antigens in these vaccines, is not available. The histamine sensitization test is currently the only assay accepted by regulatory authorities to test for the absence of active PT...article 2014
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Teunis, M. (author), Corsini, E. (author), Smits, M. (author), Madsen, C.B. (author), Eltze, T. (author), Ezendam, J. (author), Galbiati, V. (author), Gremmer, E. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author), Landin, A. (author), Landsiedel, R. (author), Pieters, R. (author), Rasmussen, T.F. (author), Reinders, J. (author), Roggen, E. (author), Spiekstra, S. (author), Gibbs, S. (author)At present, the identification of potentially sensitizing chemicals is carried out using animal models. However, it is very important from ethical, safety and economic point of view to have biological markers to discriminate allergy and irritation events, and to be able to classify sensitizers according to their potency, without the use of...article 2013
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Reus, A.A. (author), Usta, M. (author), Kenny, J.D. (author), Clements, P.J. (author), Pruimboom-Brees, I. (author), Aylott, M. (author), Lynch, A.M. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author)An in vivo photomicronucleus test (MNT) using rat skin, the target organ for photoirritancy and carcinogenicity, was recently described. The assay was evaluated using fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics with varying degrees of phototoxic potency (i.e. sparflocacin [SPFX], lomefloxacin [LOFX], ciprofloxacin [CIFX], levofloxacin [LEFX], gemifloxacin ...article 2012
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de Wever, B. (author), Fuchs, H.W. (author), Gaca, M. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author), Mikulowski, S. (author), Poth, A. (author), Roggen, E.L. (author), Vilà, M.R. (author)At the IVTIP (In Vitro Testing Industrial Platform) meeting of November 26th 2009 entitled 'Toxicology in the 21st century ('21C') - working our way towards a visionary reality' all delegates endorsed the emerging concept of the '21C' vision as the way forward to enable a thorough, reliable and systematic approach to future toxicity testing...article 2012
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TNO Kwaliteit van Leven (author), Reus, A.A. (author), Usta, M. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author)As a result of the chemical legislation concerning the registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals (REACH), and the Seventh Amendment to the Cosmetics Directive, which prohibits animal testing in Europe for cosmetics, alternative methods for safety evaluation of chemicals are urgently needed. Current in vitro...article 2012
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Berg, N. (author), de Wever, B. (author), Fuchs, H.W. (author), Gaca, M. (author), Krul, C.A.M. (author), Roggen, E.L. (author)In November 2009 the In Vitro Testing Industrial Platform (IVTIP) organized a meeting entitled '. Toxicology in the 21st century - working our way towards a visionary reality'. Participating delegates included scientists, key opinion leaders, developers and users of 3Rs-related tests and testing strategies. This paper summarizes the discussions...article 2011