Cross-correlation-based approach to align turbulent inflow between CFD and lower-fidelity-codes in wind turbine simulations

In cases with turbulent inflow, the analysis of the temporal development of forces could provide more insight into differences in calculated fatigue loads of wind turbines. While lifting-line-codes and the Blade-Element-Momentum (BEM) approach do not resolve the inflow, Computational Fluid-Dynamic (CFD) codes resolve the entire flow field. A...

Numerical analysis of unsteady aerodynamics of floating offshore wind turbines

The unsteady aerodynamics of a scaled model floating horizontal-axis offshore wind turbine is investigated numerically. Different aerodynamic models are used to analyze the complex unsteady flow, namely models based on unsteady Reynold-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations, free vortex wake and blade element momentum theory. The wind turbine base is...

Advanced defect classification by smart sampling, based on sub-wavelength anisotropic scatterometry

We report on advanced defect classification using TNO's RapidNano particle scanner. RapidNano was originally designed for defect detection on blank substrates. In detection-mode, the RapidNano signal from nine azimuth angles is added for sensitivity. In review-mode signals from individual angles are analyzed to derive additional defect...

Deep sub-wavelength metrology for advanced defect classification

Particle defects are important contributors to yield loss in semi-conductor manufacturing. Particles need to be detected and characterized in order to determine and eliminate their root cause. We have conceived a process flow for advanced defect classification (ADC) that distinguishes three consecutive steps; detection, review and classification...

Translocation of differently sized and charged polystyrene nanoparticles in in vitro intestinal cell models of increasing complexity

Intestinal translocation is a key factor for determining bioavailability of nanoparticles (NPs) after oral uptake. Therefore, we evaluated three in vitro intestinal cell models of increasing complexity which might affect the translocation of NPs: a mono-culture (Caco-2 cells), a co-culture with mucus secreting HT29-MTX cells and a tri-culture...

Sub-chronic toxicity study in rats orally exposed to nanostructured silica

Background: Synthetic Amorphous Silica (SAS) is commonly used in food and drugs. Recently, a consumer intake of silica from food was estimated at 9.4 mg/kg bw/day, of which 1.8 mg/kg bw/day was estimated to be in the nano-size range. Food products containing SAS have been shown to contain silica in the nanometer size range (i.e. 5 - 200 nm) up...

Presence of nano-sized silica during in vitro digestion of foods containing silica as a food additive

The presence, dissolution, agglomeration state, and release of materials in the nano-size range from food containing engineered nanoparticles during human digestion is a key question for the safety assessment of these materials. We used an in vitro model to mimic the human digestion. Food products subjected to in vitro digestion included (i) hot...