Modelling of the plume rise phenomenon due to warehouse or pool fires considering penetration of the mixing layer

The present paper describes the theory behind the “plume rise from warehouse or pool fires model” as implemented in the software package EFFECTS. This model simulates the rising of buoyant plumes due to the density difference between the hot combustion products and the ambient air. The plume rise model calculates the maximum height at which the...

Response early warning en inzicht in effecten van ongevallen met gevaarlijke stoffen

Wat is RESPONSE? Bij een incident met gevaarlijke stoffen heeft Response drie functies: 1. Berekenen van de bronlocatie van het incident, onder meer op basis van sensordata of klachten van omwonenden; 2. Berekenen van de mogelijke effecten van het incident met een gevaarlijke stof voor de omgeving; 3. Selecteren van informatie voor werknemers en...

Developments in modelling of thermal radiation from pool and jet fires

In the past decades, the standard approach in the modelling of consequences of pool and jet fires would be to describe these fires as tilted cylindrical shaped radiating flame surfaces, having a specific SEP (Surface Emissive Power). Some fine tuning on pool fires has been done by Rew and Hulbert in the late nineties to divide the flame in a...

The Discretized Radiation Method, a method to perform heat radiation calculations for arbitrary shaped flame geometries

The use of risk criteria in comparing transportation alternatives

For the transportation of dangerous substances, several modes of transportation are possible. If there are multiple possibilities, it is relevant to compare the safety of the transportation alternatives. TNO has developed a consistent method to compare the different transportation modes, using standard risk criteria like cumulated Individual...

Determining VCE damage zones using the GAME correlations and explosion regions

Predicting potential consequences of Vapor Cloud Explosions (VCEs) has always been an important issue in safety assessments, because of the devastating damage that this phenomenon can create on (petro chemical) production sites. Although the TNO Multi-Energy method has been recognized as one of the best methods to predict blast overpressures of...

Quantifying safety with a QRA: To agree on the results, the method should be explicit

GHGT-11 - Integrated Carbon Risk Assessment (ICARAS)

In this paper an integrated workflow is described for risk assessment within CCS. IFPEN, SINTEF and TNO joined forces to define a comprehensive and transparent risk assessment methodology. The tools developed in these institutes are thereby integrated. The workflow can be applied to proposed carbon storage sites. Starting with a qualitative...

Developments in consequence modelling of accidental releases of hazardous materials

The modelling of consequences of releases of hazardous materials in the Netherlands has mainly been based on the “Yellow Book”. Although there is no updated version of this official publication, new insights have been developed during the last decades. This article will give an overview of new developments in consequence modelling, focussing on...

The use of risk criteria in comparing transport modalities

For the transportation of dangerous substances, several transport modalities are possible. The choice for a specific transportation mode is often based on practical assumptions, like "we have a railroad available" or "we have a shipping contract". But suppose you have a choice for different types of transport, which one would be the safest for...

Geographical societal risk: A useful method for understanding societal risk

Being a densely populated country, the Netherlands have extensive experience using safety regulations in land-use planning. Risk criteria have to be verified in urban development planning. Individual Risk (IR) is easily illustrated using Iso-Risk Contours, but the concept of Societal Risk (SR) is difficult to comprehend by local authorities and...

Groepsrisico op de kaart gezet. Hoofdrapport

Deze benadering is vooral bedoeld om niet-risicoanalisten en beleidsmakers meer inzicht te geven in het groepsrisico in relatie met (ruimtelijk en risico) beleid. De benadering is toegepast in een drietal casussen: een fictieve casus (Ingeest), de casus Dordrecht en de casus Chemelot. De eerste casus is vooral gebruikt om de juistheid van de...

Groepsrisico op de kaart gezet. Toelichtende rapportage

Deze benadering is vooral bedoeld om niet-risicoanalisten en beleidsmakers meer inzicht te geven in het groepsrisico in relatie met (ruimtelijk en risico) beleid. De benadering is toegepast in een drietal casussen: een fictieve casus (Ingeest), de casus Dordrecht en de casus Chemelot. De eerste casus is vooral gebruikt om de juistheid van de...

Towards an Optimum Design of Energy Supply Systems

TNO-MEP developed and implemented an analysis method in a software tool called ODESSY. One of the major breakthroughs of the method is that it not only calculates possible energy saving achievements, but it will also generate an optimized heat exchanger network (HEN), including the positioning of heat pumps and CHP/utility heaters. The resulting...

Localization in situ of costimulatory molecules and cytokines in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Costimulatory molecules are essential in cognate interactions between T and B lymphocytes. To study the prerequisites of functional interactions between malignant B cells and intermingled T cells in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-NHL), we examined the expression of CD40, CD80 and CD86 and their ligands CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154), CD28 and...

Roken in aanwezigheid van zuigelingen: Een enquête onder consultatiebureau ouders [Smoking in presence of infants; an enquiry among parents of infants attending an infant welfare clinic]

Objective. To determine the exposure to cigarette smoke of infants aged 0-14 months. Design. Cross-sectional. Setting. The area of Westfriesland, the Netherlands. Method. All parents of infants 8 days, 3, 5, 9, and 14 months old who visited the infant welfare centre in 1992 were asked to fill in a questionnaire. Results. The questionnaire was...

Energiebesparingspotentiëlen 2015: Eindrapport

Energiebesparingspotentielen 2015 - samenvatting eindrapport.