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van Kersbergen, M.J. (author), Beerkens, R.G.C. (author), Sarmiento-Darkin, W. (author), Kobayashi, H. (author)The energy efficiency performance, production stability and emissions of oxygen-fired glass furnaces are influenced by the type of burner, burner nozzle sizes, burner positions, burner settings, oxygen-gas ratios and the fuel distribution among all the burners. These parameters have been optimized for a 300 tpd (metric tons per day glass pull)...conference paper 2012
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Beerkens, R.G.C. (author), van Limpt, J.A.C. (author), Lankhorst, A.M. (author), van Santen, P.J. (author)All over the world, there is an increasing drive to develop new technologies or concepts for industrial glass melting furnaces, with the main aim to increase the energy efficiency, tabilize production and reduce emissions. The application of new process sensors, improved furnace design, intelligent control strategy and waste gas heat recovery...conference paper 2012
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Beerkens, R.G.C. (author)The paper starts with a short analysis of the performance of currently applied glass melting processes/furnaces concerning their energy consumption levels (benchmarking), as well as NOx emissions. The best practice situations will be presented for few glass products (e.g. container glass). Potential improvements in furnace designs to obtain more...public lecture 2012
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van Limpt, J.A.C. (author), Beerkens, R.G.C. (author), Cook, S. (author), O'Connor, R. (author), Simon, J. (author)A laboratory test facility has been used to measure the boron evaporation rates from borosilicate glass melts. The impact of furnace atmosphere composition and glass melt composition on the temperature dependent boron evaporation rates has been investigated experimentally. In Part 1 of this paper the results for alkali-free borosilicate glass...article 2011
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Beerkens, R.G.C. (author), Kers, G. (author), van Santen, E. (author)This presentation shows the advantages of re-melting post-consumer glass, but also the potential risks of using contaminated cullet in the raw material batch of glass furnaces (e.g. container glass furnaces). As an example of potential advantages: increasing the cullet % in the batch of an efficient end-port fired regenerative container glass...conference paper 2011
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- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek (author), Beerkens, R.G.C. (author) public lecture 2011
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Beerkens, R.G.C. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek (author)Several measures, such as changes in batch composition (less batch humidity), or optimization of operating conditions, and limiting the combustion air excess, can lead to typically 2-8 % of energy savings of industrial glass furnaces. Larger energy savings are only possible by new furnace designs, more insulation, increased cullet ratios or...conference paper 2009
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Beerkens, R.G.C. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek (author)The paper addresses the mechanisms of fining (removal of gases from melt) and the effect of batch composition, oxidation state of the melt and furnace atmosphere on bubble removal processes for commercial glass types, such as float glass and container glass compositions. The mechanisms of the different stages of sulfate chemistry in the batch...conference paper 2009
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Beerkens, R.G.C. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek (author)Conventional industrial glass furnaces show broad glass melt residence time distributions in the melting tanks and average residence times may be up to more than two days for high quality glass products, such as float glass or TV glass, despite the minimum residence times of 8-10 hours (or even less than 4 hours for container glass furnaces)....article 2008
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Jonson, B. (author), Zethrasus, B. (author), Beerkens, R.G.C. (author), Lankhorst, A.M. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek (author)The technological needs to achieve CO2 neutrality during glass manufacturing have been investigated by theoretical calculations on energy balances and experimental investigations on batch reactivity and fining efficiency. The concept is based on the assumption of utilization of woody bio fuel combustion directly over the batch blanket and glass...conference paper 2008
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Beerkens, R.G.C. (author), van Limpt, J.A.C. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek (author)The mechanism of nitrogen oxide (NOx) formation in combustion chambers of glass furnaces is briefly described. The most important parameters governing the NOx emissions of glass furnaces are discussed. Elimination or minimisation of conditions that cause the formation of nitrogen oxides in regenerative furnaces have been tested in industrial...article 2008
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van Limpt, J.A.C. (author), Beerkens, R.G.C. (author), van Kersbergen, M.J. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek (author)Relatively small changes in glass composition might have drastic consequences on the evaporation rates of volatile glass components in glass melting furnaces. Transpiration evaporation tests have been applied to measure the impact of minor glass composition changes on the evaporation rates of volatile glass components in simulated furnace...conference paper 2008
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van Limpt, J.A.C. (author), Beerkens, R.G.C. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek (author)A laboratory test facility has been developed to measure evaporation rates of different volatile components from commercial and model glass compositions. In the set-up the furnace atmosphere, temperature level, gas velocity and batch composition are controlled. Evaporation rates have been measured for sodium, potassium, boron and chloride...article 2007
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van der Schaaf, J. (author), Beerkens, R.G.C. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek (author)A dynamic model for describing the build-up and breakdown of a glass-melt foam is presented. The foam height is determined by the gas flux to the glass-melt surface and the drainage rate of the liquid lamellae between the gas bubbles. The drainage rate is determined by the average gas bubble radius and the physical properties of the glass melt:...article 2006
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TNO Industrie en Techniek (author), Beerkens, R.G.C. (author), van der Schaaf, J. (author)A method for the prediction of gas evolution from a glass melt during fining processes has been described. This procedure is based on the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium conditions between the species in the glass melt and co-existing gas phases. The method has been applied to estimate (a) the onset temperature of fining and (b) the...article 2006
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TNO Industrie en Techniek (author), Laimböck, P.R. (author), Beerkens, R.G.C. (author)The development of a special oxygen sensor for the continuous measurement of equilibrium oxygen pressure and oxygen content in the float bath of a float-glass production line was discussed. The measuring principle is based on an electrochemical cell where the core of the sensor consist of a metal-metal oxide mix in a fully-yttria-stabilized...article 2006
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TNO Industrie en Techniek (author), van Limpt, J.A.C. (author), Beerkens, R.G.C. (author), Verheijen, O. (author)Universal simulation models based on (a) validated mass transfer relations and (b) thennodynainic modeling procedures for glass melts are developed to predict the evaporation rates of volatile species from a large range of glass melt compositions. Depending on the glass composition, temperature of the surface of the melt, local composition of...article 2006
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Verheijen, O.S. (author), op den Camp, O.M.G.C. (author), Beerkens, R.G.C. (author), Backx, T. (author), Huisman, L. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek (author)For the automatic control of glass quality in glass production, the relation between process variable and product or glass quality and process conditions/process input parameters must be known in detail. So far, detailed 3-D glass melting simulation models were used to predict the effect of process input variables, such as fuel consumption and...conference paper 2005
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van Limpt, J.A.C. (author), Beerkens, R.G.C. (author), Lankhorst, A.M. (author), Habraken, A. (author), TNO Industrie en Techniek (author)Transpiration evaporation experiments are often used to study evaporation kinetics from liquids or melts. The mass transport of volatile species in a transpiration experiment depends among others on the flow conditions of the carrier gas in the tube and on the geometrical configuration. For a transpiration test set-up, CFD modelling showed to be...article 2005
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Backx, T.C. (author), Huisman, L. (author), Astrid, P. (author), Beerkens, R.G.C. (author)The volume of the Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceeding (CESP) series, in which this paper is incorporated, contains a collection of papers dealing with issues in both traditional ceramics (i.e., glass, whitewares, refractories, and porcelain enamel) and advanced ceramics. Topics covered in the area of advanced ceramic include bioceramics,...conference paper 2003
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