Title
Impurity profiling of trinitrotoluene using vacuum-outlet gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Author
Brust, H.
Willemse, S.
Zeng, T.
van Asten, A.
Koeberg, M.
van der Heijden, A.E.D.M.
Bolck, A.
Schoenmakers, P.
Publication year
2014
Abstract
In this work, a reliable and robust vacuum-outlet gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method is introduced for the identification and quantification of impurities in trinitrotoluene (TNT). Vacuum-outlet GC-MS allows for short analysis times the analysis of impurities in TNT was performed in 4. min. This study shows that impurity profiling of TNT can be used to investigate relations between TNT samples encountered in forensic casework. A wide variety of TNT samples were analyzed with the developed method. Dinitrobenzene, dinitrotoluene, trinitrotoluene and amino-dinitrotoluene isomers were detected at very low levels (<1. wt.%) by applying the MS in selected-ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Limits of detection ranged from 6. ng/mL for 2,6-dinitrotoluene to 43. ng/mL for 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene. Major impurities in TNT were 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,3,4-trinitrotoluene. Impurity profiles based on seven compounds showed to be useful to TNT samples from different sources. Statistical analysis of these impurity profiles using likelihood ratios demonstrated the potential to investigate whether two questioned TNT samples encountered in forensic casework are from the same source.
Subject
Fluid Mechanics Chemistry & Energetics
EM - Energetic Materials
TS - Technical Sciences
Chemistry
Explosives
Forensic science
Impurity profiling
TNT
Trinitrotoluene
Vacuum-outlet GC-MS
Explosives
Impurities
Isomers
Mass spectrometry
2 ,4-dinitrotoluene
2 ,6-Dinitrotoluene
Forensic science
Impurity profiling
Limits of detection
Selected-ion monitoring (SIM)
TNT
Trinitrotoluene
Gas chromatography
To reference this document use:
http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:b11771bb-fbd7-4d5b-b2a9-83af94b4d99d
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.055
TNO identifier
520728
Publisher
Elsevier
ISSN
0021-9673
Source
Journal of Chromatography A, 1374, 224-230
Document type
article