Title
The FEMA GRAS assessment of aromatic substituted secondary alcohols, ketones, and related esters used as flavor ingredients
Author
Adams, T.B.
McGowen, M.M.
Williams, M.C.
Cohen, S.M.
Feron, V.J.
Goodman, J.I.
Marnett, L.J.
Munro, I.C.
Portoghese, P.S.
Smith, R.L.
Waddell, W.J.
TNO Kwaliteit van Leven
Publication year
2007
Abstract
This publication is the 11th in a series of safety evaluations performed by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA). In 1993, the Panel initiated a comprehensive program to re-evaluate the safety of more than 1700 GRAS flavoring substances under conditions of intended use. The list of GRAS substances has now grown to more than 2100 substances. Elements that are fundamental to the safety evaluation of flavor ingredients include exposure, structural analogy, metabolism, pharmacokinetics and toxicology. Flavor ingredients are evaluated individually and in the context of the available scientific information on the group of structurally related substances. In this monograph, a detailed interpretation is presented on the renal carcinogenic potential of the aromatic secondary alcohol alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol, aromatic ketone benzophenone, and corresponding alcohol benzhydrol. The relevance of these effects to the flavor use of these substances is also discussed. The group of aromatic substituted secondary alcohols, ketones, and related esters was reaffirmed as GRAS (GRASr) based, in part, on their rapid absorption, metabolic detoxication, and excretion in humans and other animals; their low level of flavor use; the wide margins of safety between the conservative estimates of intake and the no-observed-adverse effect levels determined from subchronic and chronic studies and the lack of significant genotoxic and mutagenic potential. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Subject
Nutrition
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
Aromatic ketones
FEMA GRAS
Flavoring ingredients
1 (1 methoxyphenyl) 1 penten 3 one
1 phenyl 1 propanol
1 phenyl 1,2 propanedione
1 phenylethanol
4 (4 methoxyphenyl) 2 butanone
4 methyl 1 phenyl 2 pentanol
acetophenone
alcohol derivative
alpha methylphenethylbutyrate
benzoin
benzophenone
carcinogen
ester
flavoring agent
ketone
methyl beta naphthyl ketone
absorption
acute toxicity
flavor
genotoxicity
hydrolysis
metabolism
nonhuman
review
safety
urinary excretion
Alcohols
Animals
Benzophenones
Consumer Product Safety
Esters
Flavoring Agents
Food Industry
Humans
Ketones
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level
Phenylethyl Alcohol
Toxicity Tests
United States
United States Food and Drug Administration
Animalia
To reference this document use:
http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:f08e61ff-e5e8-4a1b-a075-2bb7a0de704f
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2006.07.029
TNO identifier
239841
ISSN
0278-6915
Source
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45 (2), 171-201
Document type
article