Title
Dairy foods, calcium, and colorectal cancer: A pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies
Author
Cho, E.
Smith-Warner, S.A.
Spiegelman, D.
Beeson, W.L.
van den Brandt, P.A.
Colditz, G.A.
Folsom, A.R.
Fraser, G.E.
Freudenheim, J.L.
Giovannucci, E.
Goldbohm, R.A.
Graham, S.
Miller, A.B.
Pietinen, P.
Potter, J.D.
Rohan, T.E.
Terry, P.
Toniolo, P.
Virtanen, M.J.
Willet, W.C.
Wolk, A.
Wu, K.
Yaun, S.-S.
Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A.
Hunter, D.J.
TNO Voeding Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO
Publication year
2004
Abstract
Background: Studies in animals have suggested that calcium may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. However, results from epidemiologic studies of intake of calcium or dairy foods and colorectal cancer risk have been inconclusive. Methods: We pooled the primary data from 10 cohort studies in five countries that assessed usual dietary intake by using a validated food frequency questionnaire at baseline. For most studies, follow-up was extended beyond that in the original publication. The studies included 534 536 individuals, among whom 4992 incident cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed between 6 and 16 years of follow-up. Pooled multivariable relative risks for categories of milk intake and quintiles of calcium intake and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: Milk intake was related to a reduced risk of colorectal cancer. Compared with the lowest category of intake (<70 g/day), relative risks of colorectal cancer for increasing categories (70-174, 175-249, and ≥250 g/day) of milk intake were 0.94 (95% CI = 0.86 to 1.02), 0.88 (95% CI = 0.81 to 0.96), and 0.85 (95% CI = 0.78 to 0.94), respectively (Ptrend <.001). Calcium intake was also inversely related to the risk of colorectal cancer. The relative risk for the highest versus the lowest quintile of intake was 0.86 (95% CI = 0.78 to 0.95; Ptrend = .02) for dietary calcium and 0.78 (95% CI = 0.69 to 0.88; Ptrend <.001) for total calcium (combining dietary and supplemental sources). These results were consistent across studies and sex. The inverse association for milk was limited to cancers of the distal colon (Ptrend <.001) and rectum (Ptrend = .02). Conclusion: Higher consumption of milk and calcium is associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer. © Oxford University Press 2004, all rights reserved.
Subject
Health
Food and Chemical Risk Analysis
Calcium
Vitamin D
Calcium intake
Cancer risk
Cheese
Cohort analysis
Colorectal cancer
Controlled study
Dairy product
Dietary intake
Female
Food intake
Human
Major clinical study
Male
Milk
Priority journal
Questionnaire
Risk assessment
Statistical analysis
Adenoma
Adult
Aged
Animal
Clinical trial
Colorectal tumor
Eating
Europe
Incidence
Meta analysis
Methodology
Middle aged
Multivariate analysis
Proportional hazards model
Prospective study
Risk factor
Statistics
United States
Adenoma
Adult
Aged
Animals
Calcium, Dietary
Cohort Studies
Colorectal Neoplasms
Dairy Products
Eating
Europe
Female
Humans
Incidence
Male
Middle Aged
Milk
Multivariate Analysis
Proportional Hazards Models
Prospective Studies
Questionnaires
Research Design
Risk Assessment
Risk Factors
United States
To reference this document use:
http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:c8209315-713d-48ca-bc98-b413e575a1f5
TNO identifier
237902
ISSN
0027-8874
Source
Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 96 (13), 1015-1022
Document type
article