Title
Novel concepts for preparation of reference materials as whole water samples for priority substances at nanogram-per-liter level using model suspended particulate matter and humic acids
Author
Elordui-Zapatarietxe, S.
Fettig, I.
Philipp, R.
Gantois, F.
Lalère, B.
Swart, C.
Petrov, P.
Goenaga-Infante, H.
Vanermen, G.
Boom, G.
Emteborg, H.
Publication year
2015
Abstract
One of the unresolved issues of the European Water Framework Directive is the unavailability of realistic water reference materials for the organic priority pollutants at low nanogram-per-liter concentrations. In the present study, three different types of ready-to-use water test materials were developed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and tributyltin (TBT) at nanogram-per-liter levels. The first type simulated the dissolved phase in the water and comprised of a solution of humic acids (HA) at 5 mg L-1 dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and a spike of the target compounds. The second type of water sample incorporated the particulate phase in water. To this end, model suspended particulate matter (SPM) with a realistic particle size was produced by jet milling soil and sediments containing known amounts of PAHs, PBDEs and TBT and added as slurry to mineral water. The most complex test materials mimicked "whole water" consequently containing both phases, the model SPM and the HA solution with the target analytes strongly bound to the SPM. In this paper, the development of concepts, processing of the starting materials, characterisation of the HA and model SPMs as well as results for homogeneity and stability testing of the ready-to-use test materials are described in detail. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [Figure not available: see fulltext. © 2014 The Author(s).
Subject
Urban Mobility & Environment
AEC - Applied Environmental Chemistry
ELSS - Earth, Life and Social Sciences
Environment & Sustainability
Environment
Urbanisation
Slurry
PBDE
PAH
TBT
Reference materials
Suspended particulate matter
Whole water
Water Framework Directive
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DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-8349-8
TNO identifier
527997
Publisher
Springer Verlag
ISSN
1618-2642
Source
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 407 (11), 3055-3067
Document type
article