Title
The ecotoxicity and the biodegradability of lactic acid, alkyl lactate esters and lactate salts
Author
Bowmer, C.T.
Hooftman, R.N.
Hanstveit, A.O.
Venderbosch, P.W.M.
van der Hoeven, N.
Centraal Instituut voor Voedingsonderzoek TNO TNO Voeding
Publication year
1998
Abstract
The ecotoxicity of lactic acid, its alkyl esters and selected metal salts was studied experimentally with the micro alga Selenastrum capricornutum, the crustacean Daphnia magna and the fish species Brachydanio rerio and Pimephales promelas. In addition, the biodegradation of lactate esters was also studied. The aim of the study was to provide predicted environmental data for additional alkyl homologues and metal salts. The ecotoxicity data are evaluated by means of Structure Activity Relations (SAR), using literature data on a non-polar narcotic mechanism of toxicity as a baseline for comparison. Lactate salts were evaluated by comparison to the toxicity of the metal ion. For the fish and D. magna, it was evident that methyl, ethyl, propyl and to a lesser extent butyl lactate were slightly more toxic in comparison to baseline non-polar narcotic toxicity data. The toxicity tests carried out with lactate-salts demonstrated clearly that the toxicity in standard tests is only determined by the associated cation and not by the lactate part. Lactic acid and its alkyl esters were degraded for more than 60% in the ready biodegradability tests and from the data presented, it is evident that the majority of alkyl lactates are readily biodegradable. The results presented in this study indicate that alkyl lactate esters show some differences in their ecotoxicity when compared to non-polar narcotic compounds in but that these differences are generally small. When aquatic toxicity is considered together with their rapid tendency to biodegrade, it is concluded that lactate esters show generally favourable environmental characteristics. Chemicals/CAS: Esters; Lactates; Lactic Acid, 50-21-5
Subject
Nutrition
Alkyl group
Cation
Environmental chemical
Ester
Inorganic salt
Lactic acid
Lactic acid derivative
Lactic acid ethyl ester
Metal derivative
Metal ion
Methyl group
Narcotic agent
Propane
Alga
Biodegradation
Controlled study
Crustacea
Daphnia
Ecotoxicity
Fish
Nonhuman
Standard
Structure activity relation
Toxicity testing
Algae, Green
Animals
Biodegradation, Environmental
Daphnia
Ecology
Ecosystem
Esters
Lactates
Lactic Acid
Structure-Activity Relationship
Zebrafish
algae
Crustacea
Danio rerio
Daphnia
Daphnia magna
Pimephales promelas
Selenastrum capricornutum
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DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(98)00116-7
TNO identifier
234597
ISSN
0045-6535
Source
Chemosphere, 37 (7), 1317-1333
Document type
article