Title
Effects of adaptive cruise control and highly automated driving on workload and situation awareness: A review of the empirical evidence
Author
de Winter, J.C.F.
Happee, R.
Martens, M.H.
Stanton, N.A.
Publication year
2014
Abstract
Adaptive cruise control (ACC), a driver assistance system that controls longitudinal motion, has been introduced in consumer cars in 1995. A next milestone is highly automated driving (HAD), a system that automates both longitudinal and lateral motion. We investigated the effects of ACC and HAD on drivers' workload and situation awareness through a meta-analysis and narrative review of simulator and on-road studies. Based on a total of 32 studies, the unweighted mean self-reported workload was 43.5% for manual driving, 38.6% for ACC driving, and 22.7% for HAD (0% = minimum, 100 = maximum on the NASA Task Load Index or Rating Scale Mental Effort). Based on 12 studies, the number of tasks completed on an in-vehicle display relative to manual driving (100%) was 112% for ACC and 261% for HAD. Drivers of a highly automated car, and to a lesser extent ACC drivers, are likely to pick up tasks that are unrelated to driving. Both ACC and HAD can result in improved situation awareness compared to manual driving if drivers are motivated or instructed to detect objects in the environment. However, if drivers are engaged in non-driving tasks, situation awareness deteriorates for ACC and HAD compared to manual driving. The results of this review are consistent with the hypothesis that, from a Human Factors perspective, HAD is markedly different from ACC driving, because the driver of a highly automated car has the possibility, for better or worse, to divert attention to secondary tasks, whereas an ACC driver still has to attend to the roadway.
Subject
Human Performances
PCS - Perceptual and Cognitive Systems
ELSS - Earth, Life and Social Sciences
Mobility
Attention
Distraction
Driving simulator
Eye movements
Human factors
Levels of automation
Meta-analysis
NASA task load index
Psychophysiology
Secondary tasks
Adaptive control systems
Automation
Automobile drivers
Human computer interaction
Human engineering
Adaptive cruise control
To reference this document use:
http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:5a43c55f-4456-4123-a920-2ecb1b3c58bd
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2014.06.016
TNO identifier
520724
Publisher
Elsevier, Amsterdam
ISSN
1369-8478
Source
Transportation Research Part F : Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 27 (PB), 196-217
Document type
article