Title
Long-term, low-level exposure of guinea pigs and marmosets to sarin vapor in air: Lowest observable effect level
Author
van Helden, H.P.M.
Trap, H.C.
Oostdijk, J.P.
Kuijpers, W.C.
Langenberg, J.P.
Benschop, H.P.
Prins Maurits Laboratorium TNO
Publication year
2003
Abstract
Realistic scenarios for low-level exposure to nerve agents will often involve exposures over several hours to extremely low doses of agent. In order to expose animals to the lowest controllable concentrations of agent and to increase exposure times until a lowest observable effect level (LOEL) becomes measurable, a validated system was developed for exposing conscious animals to 0.05-1.0 μg/m3 (8-160 ppt) of sarin and other nerve agents. Based on cold trapping of sarin from the exposure air, the concentration could be measured semicontinuously, at 4-min time intervals by means of gas chromatography. We found that the LOEL upon a 5-h whole body exposure of guinea pigs and marmosets to sarin vapor corresponds with the measurement of an internal dose by means of fluoride-induced regeneration of sarin from phosphylated binding sites in plasma, mostly BuChE. For guinea pigs the LOEL was observed at Ct = 0.010 ± 0.002 mg/min/m3, whereas a Ct of 0.04 ± 0.01 mg/min/m3 was established for the LOEL in marmosets. These levels are several orders of magnitude lower than those based on classical measurement of depressed cholinesterase activities. At low exposure levels of guinea pigs and marmosets (≤1 μg/m3), a reasonable linearity was observed between exposure dose and internal dose. The data were addressed in the light of the recently recommended occupational exposure limits to sarin for workers without respiratory protection, which suggests that the exposure limits should be reconsidered if the slightest inhibition of cholinesterases should be prevented. © 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Subject
Fluoride-induced reactivation
Guinea pigs
Internal dose
Lowest observable effect level (LOEL)
Marmosets
Nerve agent
O-Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate
Occupational exposure limits
Respiratory exposure
Sarin
Worker population limit (WPL)
Cholinesterase
Sarin
Animal experiment
Animal trapping
Article
Binding site
Chemical warfare
Cholinesterase inhibition
Controlled study
Enzyme activity
Gas chromatography
Gas mask
Guinea pig
Long term exposure
Male
Marmoset
Measurement
Nonhuman
Occupational exposure
Species comparison
Vaporization
Worker
Animals
Atmosphere Exposure Chambers
Callithrix
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Female
Gases
Guinea Pigs
Male
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level
Sarin
Threshold Limit Values
Volatilization
Animalia
Cavia
Cholinesterase, 9001-08-5
Sarin, 107-44-8
Gases
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DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0041-008x(03)00131-5
TNO identifier
237147
ISSN
0041-008X
Source
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 189 (3), 170-179
Document type
article