Title
Estimation of the acute inhalation hazards of chemicals based on route-to-route and local endpoint extrapolation: Experience from Bulk Maritime Transport
Author
Höfer, T.
James, D.
Syversen, T.
Bowmer, T.
Publication year
2011
Abstract
Data on acute lethal inhalation toxicity from animal studies are commonly required for assessing the hazards to human health of volatile, gaseous and dusty chemicals or their mixtures. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) made the provision of acute inhalation toxicity data a mandatory requirement for the carriage of bulk liquid chemicals transported by sea in tank ships, thereby creating the need for inhalation data on many hundreds of chemicals in bulk maritime transport. Taking note of previously published proposals for estimating acute inhalation toxicity hazards for chemicals, and the paucity of measured experimental data, an extrapolation method has been developed by the Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) to partly fulfil this need. This method should be seen as a pragmatic approach to the challenge of missing measured experimental test data, with the added benefit of reducing tests in experimental animals. The method is based on a route-to-route (i.e. between-route) extrapolation of information on acute oral and/or dermal toxicity, in combination with data on the potential for irritation and/or corrosion to skin and eyes. The validation of this method was based on the individual evaluation of inhalation toxicity studies for 330 chemicals, including mixtures and many important chemical groups, for which the IMO holds public and industryconfidential data. The authors contend that this extrapolation method offers a reliable basis for hazard evaluation in the context of bulk maritime transport, and the 'GESAMP inhalation toxicity extrapolation method' has become part of the IMO regulatory system for the carriage of bulk liquids (i.e. noxious liquid substances) on board tank ships.
Subject
Triskelion BV
AR - Analytical Research
TNO Bedrijven
Sustainable Chemical Industry
Industrial Innovation
Acute inhalation toxicity
ATE
Chemical safety
GESAMP
GHS
Globally harmonized system
Hazard assessment
LC50
Maritime transport
Route-to-route extrapolation
acute toxicity
animal experiment
animal testing alternative
animal testing reduction
article
dangerous goods
dangerous goods transport
dermis
environmental protection
eye toxicity
health hazard
human
inhalation
liquid
nonhuman
organization
priority journal
ship
skin toxicity
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http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:16a1dfca-fc9a-4251-9a97-0ed9b34342bb
TNO identifier
446669
ISSN
0261-1929
Source
ATLA Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 39 (6), 541-556
Document type
article