Title
Determinants of take-over time from automated driving: A meta-analysis of 129 studies
Author
Zhang, B.
de Winter, J.
Varotto, S.
Happee, R.
Martens, M.H.
Publication year
2019
Abstract
An important question in automated driving research is how quickly drivers take over control of the vehicle in response to a critical event or a take-over request. Although a large number of studies have been performed, results vary strongly. In this study, we investigated mean take-over times from 129 studies with SAE level 2 automation or higher. We used three complementary approaches: (1) a within-study analysis, in which differences in mean take-over time were assessed for pairs of experimental conditions, (2) a between-study analysis, in which correlations between experimental conditions and mean take-over times were assessed, and (3) a linear mixed-effects model combining between-study and within-study effects. The three methods showed that a shorter mean take-over time is associated with a higher urgency of the situation, not using a handheld device, not performing a visual non-driving task, having experienced another take-over scenario before in the experiment, and receiving an auditory or vibrotactile take-over request as compared to a visual-only or no take-over request. A consistent effect of age was not observed. We also found the mean and standard deviation of the take-over time were highly correlated, indicating that the mean is predictive of variability. Our findings point to directions for new research, in particular concerning the distinction between drivers’ ability and motivation to take over, and the roles of urgency and prior experience. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
Subject
Automated driving
Literature review
Take-over time
Transition of control
Behavioral research
Transportation
Automated driving
Experimental conditions
Hand held device
Highly-correlated
Linear mixed-effects model
Literature reviews
Mean and standard deviations
Take-over time
Automation
To reference this document use:
http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:0788f24c-0e81-4dc1-8d20-d9676de60322
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.04.020/
TNO identifier
867353
Publisher
Elsevier Ltd
ISSN
1369-8478
Source
Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 64, 285-307
Document type
article