Title
Toxicogenomics directory of chemically exposed human hepatocytes
Author
Grinberg, M.
Stöber, R.M.
Edlund, K.
Rempel, E.
Godoy, P.
Reif, R.
Widera, A.
Madjar, K.
Schmidt-Heck, W.
Marchan, R.
Sachinidis, A.
Spitkovsky, D.
Hescheler, J.
Carmo, H.
Arbo, M.D.
van de Water, B.
Wink, S.
Vinken, M.
Rogiers, V.
Escher, S.
Hardy, B.
Mitic, D.
Myatt, G.
Waldmann, T.
Mardinoglu, A.
Damm, G.
Seehofer, D.
Nüssler, A.
Weiss, T.S.
Oberemm, A.
Lampen, A.
Schaap, M.M.
Luijten, M.
van Steeg, H.
Thasler, W.E.
Kleinjans, J.C.S.
Stierum, R.H.
Leist, M.
Rahnenführer, J.
Hengstler, J.G.
Publication year
2014
Abstract
A long-term goal of numerous research projects is to identify biomarkers for in vitro systems predicting toxicity in vivo. Often, transcriptomics data are used to identify candidates for further evaluation. However, a systematic directory summarizing key features of chemically influenced genes in human hepatocytes is not yet available. To bridge this gap, we used the Open TG-GATES database with Affymetrix files of cultivated human hepatocytes incubated with chemicals, further sets of gene array data with hepatocytes from human donors generated in this study, and publicly available genome-wide datasets of human liver tissue from patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular cancer (HCC). After a curation procedure, expression data of 143 chemicals were included into a comprehensive biostatistical analysis. The results are summarized in the publicly available toxicotranscriptomics directory (http://wiki.toxbank.net/toxicogenomics-map/) which provides information for all genes whether they are up- or downregulated by chemicals and, if yes, by which compounds. The directory also informs about the following key features of chemically influenced genes: (1) Stereotypical stress response. When chemicals induce strong expression alterations, this usually includes a complex but highly reproducible pattern named ‘stereotypical response.’ On the other hand, more specific expression responses exist that are induced only by individual compounds or small numbers of compounds. The directory differentiates if the gene is part of the stereotypical stress response or if it represents a more specific reaction. (2) Liver disease-associated genes. Approximately 20 % of the genes influenced by chemicals are up- or downregulated, also in liver disease. Liver disease genes deregulated in cirrhosis, HCC, and NASH that overlap with genes of the aforementioned stereotypical chemical stress response include CYP3A7, normally expressed in fetal liver; the phase II metabolizing enzyme SULT1C2; ALDH8A1, known to generate the ligand of RXR, one of the master regulators of gene expression in the liver; and several genes involved in normal liver functions: CPS1, PCK1, SLC2A2, CYP8B1, CYP4A11, ABCA8, and ADH4. (3) Unstable baseline genes. The process of isolating and the cultivation of hepatocytes was sufficient to induce some stress leading to alterations in the expression of genes, the so-called unstable baseline genes. (4) Biological function. Although more than 2,000 genes are transcriptionally influenced by chemicals, they can be assigned to a relatively small group of biological functions, including energy and lipid metabolism, inflammation and immune response, protein modification, endogenous and xenobiotic metabolism, cytoskeletal organization, stress response, and DNA repair. In conclusion, the introduced toxicotranscriptomics directory offers a basis for a rationale choice of candidate genes for biomarker evaluation studies and represents an easy to use source of background information on chemically influenced genes.
Subject
Life
RAPID - Risk Assessment Products in Development
ELSS - Earth, Life and Social Sciences
Biomedical Innovation
Biology
Healthy Living
Bioinformatics
Biomarker identification
Cirrhosis
Hepatocellular cancer
Hepatotoxicity
In vivo validation
SEURAT-1
Steatosis
Toxicotranscriptomics
Unsupervised clustering
allyl alcohol
biological marker
chemical compound
cytochrome P450 1A1
cytochrome P450 3A4
galactosamine
isoniazid
ketoconazole
liver protein
paracetamol
propranolol
thyroid hormone
transcription factor
triazolam
valproic acid
binding site
cell stress
data base
down regulation
fatty liver
gene expression
gene ontology
human
liver cell
liver cell carcinoma
liver cirrhosis
liver disease
microarray analysis
mutation
nonalcoholic fatty liver
quantitative analysis
real time polymerase chain reaction
RNA extraction
toxicogenomics
transcriptomics
upregulation
To reference this document use:
http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:dedda255-d0ac-4df8-a832-b75385363fe2
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-014-1400-x
TNO identifier
520739
ISSN
0340-5761
Source
Archives of Toxicology, 88 (12), 2261-2287
Document type
article